Two apples a day lower serum cholesterol and improve cardiometabolic biomarkers in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial

Koutsos, A., Riccadonna, S., Ulaszewska, M., Franceschi, P., Trošt, K., Galvin, A., Braune, T., Fava, F., Perenzoni, D., Mattivi, F., Tuohy, K. and Lovegrove, J. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7633-9455 (2020) Two apples a day lower serum cholesterol and improve cardiometabolic biomarkers in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 111 (2). pp. 307-318. ISSN 0002-9165 doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz282

Abstract/Summary

Background: Apples are rich in bioactive polyphenols and fiber. Evidence suggests that consumption of apples, or their bioactive components is associated with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and other markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, adequately powered randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm these data and explore the mechanisms. Objective: To determine the effects of apple consumption on circulating lipids, vascular function and other CVD risk markers. Design: The trial was a randomized, controlled, crossover, intervention study. Healthy mildly hypercholesterolemic volunteers (23 women, 17 men), with a mean BMI (± SD) 25.3 (± 3.7)kg/m2 and age (± SD) 51.4 (± 11) years, consumed 2 apples/day (Renetta Canada, rich in proanthocyanidins), or a sugar and energy matched apple control beverage (CB) for 8 weeks separated by a 4-week washout period. Fasted blood was collected before and after each treatment. Serum lipids, glucose, insulin, bile acids, endothelial and inflammation biomarkers were measured, in addition to microvascular reactivity, using laser Doppler imaging with Iontophoresis and arterial stiffness, using Pulse Wave Analysis. Results: Whole apple (WA) consumption decreased serum total (WA: 5.89 mmol/l, CB: 6.11mmol/l; P=0.006) and LDL cholesterol (WA: 3.72 mmol/l, CB: 3.86 mmol/l; P=0.031), triacylglycerol (WA: 1.17 mmol/l, CB: 1.30 mmol/l; P=0.021) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (WA: 153.9 ng/ml, CB: 159.4 ng/ml; P=0.028), and increased serum uric acid (WA:341.4 μmol/l, CB: 330 μmol/l; P=0.020) compared with the CB. The response to endothelium dependent microvascular vasodilation was greater after the apples (WA: 853 (PU, perfusion units), CB: 760 PU; P=0.037) compared with the CB. Apples had no effect on blood pressure or other CVD markers. Conclusions: These data support beneficial hypocholesterolemic and vascular effects of the daily consumption of proanthocyanidin-rich apples by mildly hypercholesterolemic individuals.