Typical and atypical development of ocular alignment and binocular vision in infants – the background

Horwood, A. M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0886-9686 (2019) Typical and atypical development of ocular alignment and binocular vision in infants – the background. American Academy of Ophthalmology. (Online article)

Abstract/Summary

These pages cover the outcomes of research into the typical motor aspects of development of binocular vision in very early childhood. Separate pages on the clinical Examination of Ocular Alignment and Binocular Vision in Infants under six months of age deals with the their clinical assessment and the recognition of atypical signs. The development and assessment of visual acuity, stereopsis, refraction and the process of emmetropization has a large literature, are only covered here where they affect motor systems. Specific ocular motor anomalies such as esotropia, exotropia, incomitant strabismus, congenital dysinnervation syndromes and paralytic strabismus are also not be covered as their management extends well beyond infancy.